Teenagers and Students Essay Example

Teenagers and Students Essay People in this group are young children that are still at compulsory education which means they will not need any big loans from bank to pay off any expenses e.g. University fees, although their parents might want to set up a savings account for them for when they grow up. Their parents and guardians will also support them so they should be responsible for any of their financial needs. Teenagers and Students (17-22) Teenagers and students from the age of 17 to 22 are quite different from the school age youth. This is because they are no longer at compulsory education and their financial needs have increased so their parents or guardians may support them less financially, because they will be expected to get a job. This means they will need to open a bank account so that when they do get in to the world of work their salary can be paid directly to the account. There are lots of financial services available to teenagers and students e.g. credit cards, but they might not be open to all of the major credit card companies e.g. (Master card, Visa, American express) because they do not have any credit history so they will need to start off with a student credit card. We will write a custom essay sample on Teenagers and Students specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Teenagers and Students specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Teenagers and Students specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Some people in this group will be finishing 6th form / college and be looking to go University and take their education to a next level but this in not cheap so they may need a bank loan to pay for the University fees. Post-education / pre-families (23-30) People in this group are young adults that have just finished university and looking to start a family. So this means that their financial needs will be quite great. This is because people in this group will be paying off student loans for their university fees. They might also want to get a mortgage to buy a house just to start off a family. The parents may perhaps open up a bank account to start saving for their childrens future university fees. Established families (40-50) Established families will be still paying off their mortgages and other financial debts. Parents in this stage will still be at work to keep on supporting their family financially. Their kids will be close to the time of leaving their house so there parents will be saving money for their kids university fees, if they decide to go on to further education. In addition they might also want to start thinking about starting life insurance Mature household (50-60) People in the mature household sector are at the stage of their life where there children will be moving out of the house and going on to further education at university, this means that the parents may be saving for their childrens university fees. At this time of their life they should have paid off or be close to paying off their mortgages and financial debts, but this all depends on how high their income is. Parents in this life stage will be thinking about life insurance so they will need to pay money in to their life insurance. Retired pensioners (60+) At this stage of their life they should have paid off their mortgages and other financial services. Pensioners are at a stage in their life where they do not have any big financial responsibilities. They will only be paying for personal needs E.g. clothes and food. This is because at this time of their life their children will be definitely moved out of the house. Pensioners are being supported financial by the government. Task 3 Introduction In task 3 I have been asked to design and create a fact sheet that explains three different banking services available to two people at different life stages, the people I am going to choose are Students and young families. Bank Services available for Students from Royal bank of Scotland and Barclays Bank Graduate current account A current account is used to hold funds for an individual. The benefit of having a current account is that it is an easy way of adding interest to the money that is in the account. Students will need a current account for many reasons, like salaries and benefits can be paid in and paying bills can be made a lot easier. This is because money can automatically put in and the bill will be automatically paid via direct debit. The account will also give interest on the balance will help their money grow. The graduate royalties account is available for 3 years and comes with an interest free overdraft up à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000. An overdraft is a service that enables the account holder to withdraw over and above what they actually have in the account. Overdrafts are only available to people over the age of 18. This service will be appropriate for teenagers because it is flexibility on those occasions when you might need to spend before your money is paid in. This is also a preparation for teenagers to handle loans and credit cards because it is the banks money they are handling on a small scale. Student Credit from The royal Bank of Scotland A credit card allows customers to purchase goods on credit. This means that the customer will not have to pay for the good at the time of the transaction. The banks loans the customer money by a credit card. This loan is interest free for a short period time (after which the APR is usually quite high). The student Credit Card is designed for student life. It is a big breakthrough for students when they need all their essential needs. Food, clothes and books. When you add up all the expenses of student living it comes at a big price. On the student credit card there is up to 56 days interest free credit and this should come as good news (if the customer pays the balance in full and one time and have paid the previous months balance in full and on time) If not the interest rates will apply. The card is very flexible because it can be managed online from a computer or MAC to check balances etc. Graduate loan from Barclays Bank A loan is when a bank lends a customer money for a long term period. Interest rates vary depending on the sum of money taken out and the time taken to pay it back The graduate loan from Barclays bank is designed for students at university that are reaching their peek at university and getting ready to graduate. At this point in their life they are not really financial blessed so the graduate loan will help the individual settle down in their new life. The customer can borrow up à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 and can apply for repayment terms up to 60 months so this is really good and flexible for the individual. Fixed interest rates so monthly repayments never change. Loan Amount Representative APR Repayment Term* Monthly Repayment Total Payable à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,000 8.4% 60 months à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½62.38 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,742.80 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,000 8.4% 60 months à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½103.97 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6,238.20 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 8.4% 60 months à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½207.93 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12,475.80 Bank Services available for Young Families at HSBC First time buyer mortgage from Barclays bank A mortgage is the transfer of an interest in property (or in law the equivalent a charge) to a lender as a security for a debt usually a loan of money. While a mortgage in itself is not a debt, it is lenders security for a debt. It is a transfer of an interest in land (or the equivalent), from the owner to the mortgage lender, on the condition that this interest will be returned to the owner of the real estate when the terms of the mortgage have been satisfied or performed. In other words, the mortgage is a security for the loan that the lender makes to the borrower. The first time buyer mortgage from Barclays bank is designed for people who are looking to buy their first home. So the first time buyer mortgage is designed to make this easy for the customer. There is a 2 year fixed rate mortgage so the customer can budget better at the start of their mortgage. Mortgage Interest rate Application fee What can I borrow? Early Repayment Charge 2-year fixed rate 6.49% until 31/01/2010, then for the remaining term BBBR + 0.95% currently 6.45%. The overall cost for comparison is 6.8% APR à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½995 Up to 95% of the value of your home 3% of the balance repaid until 31/01/2010 2-year fixed rate 6.79% until 31/01/2010, then for the remaining term BBBR + 0.95% currently 6.45%. The overall cost for comparison is 6.8% APR None Up to 95% of the value of your home 3% of the balance repaid until 31/01/2010 BBBR = Barclays Bank Base Rate. Homeowner loan from Barclays bank The homeowner loan is simply made for people that own a home and need to borrow between à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5000 and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100,000. The payments can be paid over 25 years and the monthly outgoings could be reduced by 50% this is achieved by spreading your new loan over a longer term. By doing this, your overall interest payments will increase. Platinum Credit Card from the royal bank of Scotland The platinum credit card from the royal bank of Scotland is designed for people that are over 25 and earn more than à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 a year. This is clear the key charteristcs of an individual in the young families life stage. The customer can get 0% interest for 13 months from when they open their account and also pay 0% interest on balance transfers. Summary Box The information contained in this table summarises key product features and is not intended to replace any terms and conditions. APR Typical 13.9% APR (variable) Other Interest Rates Introductory Rate Monthly Rate Annual Rate Simple Effective Purchases 0% for 3 months 1.094% 13.128% p.a. 13.947% p.a. Balance Transfers 0% for 13 months 1.094% 13.128% p.a. 13.947% p.a. Cash Advances N/A 1.873% 22.476% p.a. 24.942% p.a. Money Transfers N/A 1.094% 13.128% p.a. 13.947% p.a. Interest Free Period Maximum 56 days for purchases if you pay your balance in full and on time, and have paid the previous months balance in full and on time no interest free period on cash advances or money transfers. Interest free period on balance transfers only applies to the introductory period. Interest Charging Information The periods over which interest is charged are as follows: From Until Purchases transaction date repaid in full Balance transfers transaction date repaid in full Cash advances transaction date repaid in full Money transfers date debited to your account repaid in full Allocation of Payments We will apply payments we receive to your account in the following order: Interest on special offers Other interest, any fee and charges Special offers Purchases and balance transfers Cash advances and money transfers See section 2(D) (b) of your Credit Card Agreement for full details. Minimum repayment Greater of 2.25% of your balance (rounded down to the nearest pound) or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 each month. Please note: we do not recommend that you only ever make your minimum payment. Amount of credit Minimum initial credit limit is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300 and maximum is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½20,000. All other credit limits (including the maximum available) are subject to status. Fees No Annual Fee. Charges Cash advances (except gambling transactions) subject to a handling fee of 2.5% with a minimum of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2.50; Balance transfers subject to a fee of 2.5% (min à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5) during the first three months from account opening unless you qualify for exemption from that fee or are notified of a different fee under the terms of a special offer we make in connection with your application; Foreign exchange transactions subject to conversion fee of 2.75% (including purchase of foreign currency and travellers cheques); Copies of statements are subject to a fee of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3. Default charges Late payment and over limit fees are à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12; administration fee of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 to process dishonoured cheque or direct debit; administration fee of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12 to return unpaid promotional cheque to prevent you going over your limit. This is the rates and fees from the platinum credit card from the rbs (http://www.rbs.co.uk/personal/credit-cards/g1/platinum.ashx#tabs=section2) Task 4 Introduction: In task 4 I have been asked to explain the distinctive features of two selected retail banking services that render them suitable for two contrasting customers. 7.9% APR typical on Barclays bank personal loan. Annual percentage rate (APR) is the simplified counterpart to the effective interest rate the borrower will pay on a loan. In many countries and jurisdictions, lenders (such as banks) are required to disclose the cost of borrowing in some standardized way as a form of consumer protection. APR is intended to make it easier to compare lenders and loan options. The APR is likely to differ from the note rate or headline rate advertised by the lender, due to the addition of other fees that may need to be included in the APR. However the APR can be found simply by asking the lender, or reading the section about APR in your contract. Typical: The typical part of the annual percentage rate means that the percentage rate may not be the same as the advertisements. The changes are made due to the position of the applicant, depending on how much dept they are in, the level of income they are having etc. People in all life stages will be looking for the lowest Annual percentage rate. 5.25% AER on e saving reward from Barclays bank. Annual Equivalent Rate is a notional rate thats generally quoted on interest paid on savings and investments. It purports to demonstrate what interest return would be if the interest was compounded and paid annually instead of monthly (or any other period). If an account pays interest more than once a year, say, for example, monthly or quarterly, then the AER is calculated by adding each interest payment to the deposit and then calculating the next interest payment, compounding the interest. Thus, on accounts where interest is paid quarterly, the AER will be slightly higher than the quoted gross rate because of the compound interest earned on the interest paid during the year[T1]. Task 5 Introduction: In task 5 I have been asked to describe two retail banking providers that might be considered appropriate to the likely financial needs of two contrasting customers. I will be explaining for is post education / pre families and established families. I will use Barclays bank and the post office Barclays bank will be appropriate for a senior student in university finishing their degree and preparing to have a family. This is because they will be looking for a retail bank to offer them a basic current account to enable them to manage their bills and other finances. People in this life stage will not want to focus on saving or investing although they might want to leave some money aside. Barclays also provides saving products. So if a senior student wants to invest or save large amounts they have a wide range of saving facilities to choose from such as long term savings plans or short term saving plans. This can be managed via online banking so it will make it very easy and save time for the customer. Barclays offers insurance products for all kind of possessions. Such as life, care, home and travel. This will be appropriate for someone in this life stage because they will have lots of important things that will need to be insured. Post office will be appropriate for people in the established family life stage this is because it is more about saving and investments. This will be good because it will help them save for the future whether it is for their children or just for the future. The post office provides the instant saver service, witch has a great rate of 3.75% AER. There is great access to their service because they have over 13000 branches across the uk. Plus over 60000 ATMs across the uk. In addition the account can be managed via online banking. The instant saver offers a double interest guarantee. The first guarantee is to pass on any rise in the bank of England base for 2 years. The second guarantee is that the customers interest rate will never be more that 1% below the bank of England base rate for the life of the account. All interest is paid in annually. The post office also provides a child trust fund. This will be very suitable for people in the established life stage because their life will be comfortable and established so the will be in a good position to want to save for the future and for their children. The child trust fund is a stake holder account. Which means it has strict standards that must be met by the government, and one of these standards is that some of the money must be invested in shares. Task 6 Introduction In this task I have been asked to describe three savings products which will be considered appropriate to the financial needs of two contrasting customers at a given life stage and the customers that I am going to do are people in mature house holds and young families. Savings Builder from Barclays bank The savings builder is for people who have at least à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 to save, and wants a great rate of interest with easy access to their account via the Internet and telephone. These will be key characteristics of an adult in a mature household. Interest is calculated on the daily statement balance of the account and is payable monthly on the first working day of the month. The rates of interest depend on the account balance and whether any withdrawals have been made from the account in the previous calendar month. Where no withdrawals have been made interest is calculated at the higher range of rates applicable to the account balance. On the other hand when or more withdraws have been made the interest is calculated at the lower range of rates applicable to the account balance. So this will encourage the customer to save. The Saving builders from Barclays Bank will be appropriate for people in an established family as well. Established families should be able to have at least à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,000 if they would like to use the service. The rates of interest depend on the account balance and whether any withdrawals have been made from the account in the previous calendar month. Where no withdrawals have been made interest is calculated at the higher range of rates applicable to the account balance. On the other hand when or more withdraws have been made the interest is calculated at the lower range of rates applicable to the account balance. So this will encourage the customer to save. Day to Day Savings Account from Barclays Bank The Day to Day savings account is designed for someone who will need immediate access to their money for unplanned expenses or special treats, which will be part of a universitys students life style. The customer doesnt have to be a regular saver and it is cheap to open with just à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 which will be great for the customer. Plus a cash card is available allowing the customer to withdraw up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½300. Day to Day Savings Open from à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 Maximum deposit N/A Interest rate 4.26% AER (4.18% gross pa)à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Access Instant Interest paid (frequency) Monthly Account management Branch, phone, cash card and online (if registered this for Online Banking) The day to day savings account will be appropriate for established families. This is because established families will be settled in their homes heading towards paying off their mortgage, so this means that they will be able to afford to take money out on a day to day basis. In addition believe that adults in this life stage will have unexpected things to pay for like birthdays and day to day maintenance of their child. High Interest Deposit Bond from HSBC Bonds are usually referred to as risk-free bonds, because the government can raise taxes or simply print more money to redeem the bond at maturity. Some counter examples do exist where a government has defaulted on its domestic currency debt, such as Russia in 1998 (the ruble crisis), though this is very rare. The high interest deposit bond is designed for people in the established families life stage. This is because it is designed for people who have between à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2000 and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50000 in savings and concerned about falling interest rates and looking to change the rate of their savings. 5.75% AER /gross. Adults living in this lifestyle will have this kind of amount in savings so it will definitely be appropriate for them. The savings can be over 1, 2 or 3 years and the interested can be added on a monthly or annual basis. Effective Date Term Net % Gross % AER % High Interest Deposit Bond Monthly interest (Fixed Rate) 01.09.08 6 months 4.29 5.37 5.50 12 months 4.48 5.60 5.75 24 months 4.10 5.13 5.25 36 months 4.10 5.13 5.25 High Interest Deposit Bond from HSBC will also be suitable for people in the teenager and student lifestyle this is because students at university or post graduate students will be looking into saving money in high interest. There are a lot of different time scales they can invest for jus to suite them, whether it is 6 months or 3 years. This will be very appropriate because it will enable them to have a lot of money saved in the bank for when they leave university and preparing to start their own family. Task 8 Introduction In this task I have been asked to describe and explain in detail two investment products that will be considered appropriate for two contrasting customers at a given life stage. This will be people in teenager and student life stage and young families. Income Bonds from National Savings and Investments. Income Bonds provide the customer with a monthly income at a competitive variable interest rate, with no risk to their capital. Income Bonds from national savings and investments will be very suitable for young families because the people in this life stage will be doing post graduate work or finishing university. It will be very helpful because the income bonds will provide them with an additional monthly income. This will enable them to help out with your household outgoings, or to contribute to a few of lifes little luxuries. It is very convenient because they can choose to withdraw money when ever they want with no notice and no penalties. Income Bonds from national savings and investments will also be very appropriate for people in the teenager and students life stage. This is because people in this life style will be provided with an additional monthly income which will be very supportive for their day to day needs. It will be able to support them if their student loan has not been activated. It will also be very helpful for when they are about to leave university and preparing to live by themselves. Interest Rates Total Investment Gross rate pa AER Under à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25000 4.45% 4.54% à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25,000 + 4.70% 4.80% Gross is the taxable rate of interest without the deduction of UK Income Tax. AER (Annual Equivalent Rate) is a notional rate that illustrates what the annual rate of interest would be if the interest was compounded each time it was paid. Where interest is paid annually, the quoted rate and the AER are the same. The Baby Bond CTF account from The Childrens mutual The baby bond ctf account is stakeholder account for parents to save and invest their money for their kids for the later future in the governments way. This will definitely be the key characteristics of adults in the young family life stage. So that there is a chance for more potential growth, the baby bond account will be in a share-based fund. There are risks in doing this because the value of shares can go up and down, but the baby bond account is a long-term investment of 18 years so a big amount will be made despite the continuous change in the value to the shares. The minimum amount that can be paid in to start the account is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 so it is easy and cheap to get started, and with all other contributions there could be a potential sum of up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1200 and that is on top of the governments addition. The childs account is increased of its value by 1.5% The baby bond ctf account will be very suitable adults in the student life stage because it will be a great step to preparing for their childrens future it is a long-term investment of 18 years so a big amount will be made despite the continuous change in the value to the shares. The minimum amount that can be paid in to start the account is à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 so it is easy and cheap to get started, and with all other contributions there could be a potential sum of up to à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1200 and that is on top of the governments addition. The childs account is increased of its value by 1.5% Total amount paid in (including à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½250 voucher and à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½250 at age 7) Possible value of Baby Bond(r) Stakeholder account in 18 years time Based on 5% growth each year Based on 7% growth each year Based on 9% growth each year à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½0 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½821 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,090 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1,440 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½2,660 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½3,790 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4,690 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,840 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½25 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5,900 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½8,260 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,100 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½12,400 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½50 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11,300 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½15,700 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½19,100 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½23,400 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½100 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½22,100 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½30,500 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½37,100 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½45,400 Task 9 Introduction In this task I have been asked to describe and explain three other financial services which might be appropriate to the likely financial needs of two contrasting customers. Income Protection from Royal Bank of Scotland Income protection is designed as a safety net to keep people financially healthy just in case of a long- term illness or accidental injury which could play havoc on peoples finances. I believe that this will be very appropriate for people in the mature household life stage. Simply because their life is moving at its peak so they will definitely need some sort of back up if something was to go wrong. It could help maintain your familys standard of living, providing a monthly income to help pay your mortgage, other debts or household bills. The plan is very flexible they can decide on how long they want their income to be paid if they are off work. It can be until any age from 50 to 65. The monthly income they receive under the plan is guaranteed until they are fit enough to back to work or until the plan end for example if they intend retirement age. Income protection will also be suitable and appropriate for people in the post education and pre families life stage. This is because they will be on the way up to starting their life on their own. So it will be vital for them to have some sort of safety net. This is because if there is no form of financial back up it will leave the individual in a very critical position. Travel Insurance from The Royal Bank Of Scotland Travel Insurance is designed to cover medical expenses, money invested in non-refundable pre- payments, and other losses that happen while travelling either within ones country, or internationally. The royal bank of Scotland will be very suitable insurance company for someone to choose because it is one of the biggest travel insurance companies in the UK so they have a big reputation to give their customers confidence in them. Travel insurance will be suitable for people in all life stages simply because everyone should be insured when they are away on holiday. But I think this will suite people in Mature households more because they will probably have the most expensive assets because they are one of the most families settled in their life. Travel insurance will be very suitable for people in post graduate and pre families life stage because people in this life stage are very active and tend to travel a lot so it will be very important for them to be insured whilst on holiday. Car Insurance from The Royal Bank Of Scotland Car insurance is insurance purchased for cars, trucks, and other vehicles. Its primary use is to provide protection against losses incurred as a result of traffic accidents and against liability that could be incurred in an accident. Car insurance from The Royal Bank Of Scotland is very good. They provide a courtesy car for the customer when there car is being repaired. If the customer has home insurance with the royal bank of Scotland they will save 15%. Although car insurance is vital for people in all life stages, this service will be very appropriate for people in mature household because of all the benefits that come with it such as the 15% discount that comes with the insurance. That is only available to people with home insurance, and that will be something that mature households will have. [T1] I do not know how to work out an example

Stem Cell Controversy essays

Stem Cell Controversy essays The history of medicine was forever changed in November of 1998 by the discovery of stem cells. Throughout medical history humans have strived to understand the many functions of the human body. From the first operation ever performed, to the sequencing of the human genome, stem cell research is the next step in modern medical science. According to the Committee on Government Reform, there has been much opposition and controversy as to whether or not the government should fund stem cell research. This, in turn, has sparked a huge political debate that is still on going today. The fact of the matter is that stem cells are the key factor to new research and technology, and can lead to revolutionary developments in curing diseases that have been killing millions for decades (House of Reps 1-3). We can only hope that our government will take the step in medical technology and research in order to better the lives of Americans. Therefore, the federal government should allow federal money to be used for research on stem cells derived from excess frozen embryos and aborted fetuses. An article on the use of fetal stem cells explains that rats and cats have recently been used in experiments that have made it possible to transplant fetal tissue into damaged spinal cords in order to improve movement. Unfortunately, this treatment has not been widely tested on humans because a large number of fetuses are required to obtain enough tissue to treat even one patient, thus causing both practical and ethical problems (quoted in Mitchell). If given both time and government support, humans will ultimately be able to be treated as well. However, the federal law has prohibited the use of tax dollars to destroy human embryos (Robinson), thus putting the U.S. at a major technological disadvantage. During Bill Clintons administration rules were adopted allowing federally funded scientists to conduct experiments on open ...

An offer can be made in oral form, written form or conduct

An offer can be made in oral form, written form or conduct Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . An offer can be made in oral form, written form or conduct Question: How is an offer terminated? Please provide examples and case law in order to support your answer. Offer, Acceptance and Consideration are the three main components to form a legally binding contract. And before any contracts are being made, there must be reasonable and proper means of communication between parties. An offer is a definite and specific promise made by the offeror to an offeree of which there is an intention to be bound on specific terms if it is accepted. An offer can be made in oral form, writing form or by conduct, noted that it should not be vague but definite. In order to terminate an offer, there are five ways to do so which will be shown below: 1. Rejection There are two forms of rejection to an offer. The first form is that the offer is simply rejected by the offeree for not willing to be bound by the terms of the offer through communication, this will permanently destroy the offer. The offere e cannot change his/her mind afterwards and purport to accept the offer again. For example, Jean wanted to buy Peter’s car and offered him a price of $32,000. Peter then replied to say that $32,000 was below his expectation. In this case, Peter had rejected Jean’s offer and the offer no longer existed. Therefore, Peter could not change his mind and tell Jean that it was a mistake not to accept the offer. But then he can now sell the car to Jean by making a new offer, and Jean is free to accept it, contract will therefore formed. The second form of rejection to an offer is that the offeree rejects the offer made to him/her by a counter offer. This counter offer will destroy the original offer and introduces a new offer. In this case the original offeror may accept or deny this new offer. According to Hyde v Wrench (1840), where â€Å"A†, the offeror offered to sell an estate at a price of 1000 pounds, â€Å"B†, the offeror replied that he was willing to pa y 950 pounds only. The offer was refused, but afterwards, â€Å"B† sought to accept the initial offer. It was held that the offer has already terminated by the counter offer of 950 pounds, therefore no contract could be made at the time â€Å"B† tried to accept the initial offer as it no longer existed. However, it should be noted that a mere inquiry about the terms of offer to make the bargain more favourable, while he is willing to accept the offer is not a counter offer nor rejecting the offer. This principle lied in Stevenson v. McLean (1880), where â€Å"A† offered to sell iron to â€Å"B† for cash. â€Å"B asked if they could have 4 months credit. He has no intention to reject the offer made to him. 2. Revocation The offeror is free to withdraw or revoke from an offer at anytime given that the offer has not been accepted by the offeree. Given that revocation will not be effective until it is communicated to the offeree. Communication is not necessa rily made by the offeror himself provided that the offeree has been brought to notice of the revocation through a reliable source.

What makes a great leader in the public sector Essay

What makes a great leader in the public sector - Essay Example This paper focuses on the aspects as well as the attributes that distinguishes a great leader from other sorts of leaders. Leadership can be either formal or informal but both involve getting things done. However, the two leaderships apply different strategies to ensure the set goals are met. Formal leadership relies on ones position in an organization and involves using the mandate apportioned to get things done. Informal leadership on the other hand involves an individual volunteering to offer services or under requisition from those who approve of their leading potential (Shafritz and Russell 371). In this leadership, the leaders apply their charisma to win over people after which they are able to influence them to do things. Whether formal or informal, the task of a leader is to form, preserve, and improve a grouping of people such that they are in a position to realize their goals. Excellent leaders are those who can equally employ both formal and informal leadership. Such leaders are capable of mobilising people as well as exercising prescribed authority if in management positions (Shafritz and Ru ssell 372). A good example of a great leader who will forever remain in the minds of many is President Franklin Roosevelt. Even after contracting polio, Roosevelt retained his great capabilities such that he was able to lead America through the Great Depression of 1930 as well triumph in the Second World War. This is because he had the competence of both a leader and was good in management. He was intelligent, focused, and concerned more on the results other than the exact mean of attaining them. It was out of his desire to give the best even in his health condition that he committed himself to establishing policies that enabled the victory of capitalism (Shafritz and Russell 371). There are a number of different sources of power. Expert power is one where the leader is recognized as being competent in a certain speciality. Legitimate power is based on

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 59

Marketing - Essay Example This was a great experience because I was able to master my customers and the products they preferred best and disliked most. Marketing intermediary refers to the involvement of a retailer or a wholesaler in the flow of goods to the consumer. This is the marketing channel that I have been involved in whereby I am a distributor of mineral water for a certain company in our local state (McCalley pp.6-92). Marketing channels solve logistical problems in availing goods to the consumer. This is because they facilitate physical distribution and sorting of goods. Moreover, they also offer facilitative advantages in that they may source of vital information relevant to a business about competition, channel members and customers. . It is also a great experience to research how customers respond to a new product in the distribution business and the grocery shop currently run by mum. These channels are of great benefit to intermediaries in terms of finance since goods can be sold and purchased on credit and financed as they are being sold. In my distributorship business I always encountered financial problems, but courtesy of receiving goods with a 30 days credit payment terms I remained in business Moreover they are opportunities for business to promote their products and companies by offering discounts, advertisement, gifts and after sale services. In several occasions I had to provide discounts to my customers and I realized that with that customers always bought more because products were a little bit cheaper. Most businesses do make profits through giving rewards to their customers as they gain competitive advantage. Marketing channels offers a chance for organization to contact and understand their customers’ needs which goes a long way in facilitating matching supply and demand. Matching the demand and the supply of products leads to efficiency and effectiveness of

An Educational Article for the 21st century Essay Example for Free

An Educational Article for the 21st century Essay Australian Ambassador to the Philippines Bill Tweddell and Philippine education officials opened recently the Assessment, Curriculum and Technology Research Centre (ACTRC). Located at the University of the Philippines (UP) College of Education building in Diliman, Quezon City, the facility will focus on research in support of the Philippines’ implementation of the K to 12 program, which is covered by a law recently signed by President Aquino. Tweddell, Education Secretary Armin Luistro, Commission on Higher Education Commissioner Cynthia Bautista, UP president Alfredo Pascual, other education officials and members of the academe attended ACTRC’s opening. The Australian government gave the P150-million grant for the establishment of the center in support of the country’s basic education reform program. ACTRC will focus on curriculum development, school assessment and the application of technology in upgrading the education system. â€Å"Australia strongly supports the Philippine government’s efforts in implementing the K to 12 program. Investing in a quality education system will provide better opportunities for all and a pathway out of poverty for the most disadvantaged,† Tweddell said in a statement. ACTRC will bring together the Philippines’ and Australia’s top research institutions—the UP College of Education and the University of Melbourne’s Assessment Research Centre— in â€Å"grounded research and evaluation activities in the areas of assessment, curriculum and technology as they relate to the implementation of the Philippine government’s K to 12 program.† Through grant-funding, the Australian Agency for International Development would support the center’s first three years of operation, the Australian embassy said. â€Å"Australia shares the Philippine government’s vision that K to 12, if implemented well, will bring the Philippines’ school system closer to international standards. The interaction of curriculum, assessment and the use of technology are important facets of a successful education program,† Tweddell said. â€Å"The curriculum is the blueprint of an education system. Assessment provides a picture of where we are in that blueprint today. Technology enables the curriculum to respond to the needs of the 21st century,† he added. K to 12 is the Aquino administration’s flagship education reform program that aims to improve the quality of Philippine high school graduates by spreading the clogged 10-year curriculum over 12 years. In essence, the program hopes to give Filipino youth longer time to learn and prepare for life after basic education, whether they hope to go on to college or find employment after graduating from high school. â€Å"The University of Melbourne and its Graduate School of Education is proud to be associated with this major initiative to inform the Philippines’ education and research communities. The center will provide an opportunity to put into practice evidence-based research outcomes through its collaborative activities with the Philippines’ Department of Education,† said Professor Field Rickards, dean of the Graduate School of Education of the University of Melbourne. UP College of Education dean Rosario Alonzo said the facility and the collaboration it allowed would help promote the professional development of the UP faculty. â€Å"This is crucial to the university’s (UP) fulfillment of its mandate as a research university,† she said. A. Summary of the Article The article discussed how the Australian Government supports the implementation of the K to 12 Program here in the Philippines. It is also written how they believe that the new curriculon that was founded by the current administration will make the Philippines educational system closer to the international standards. B. Words that I have learned from the article Academe The academic environment or community; academia. Assessment The evaluation or estimation of the nature, quality, or ability of someone or something: the assessment of educational needs. Collaboration The action of working with someone to produce or create something. Crucial Decisive or critical, esp. in the success or failure of something. Curriculum The subjects comprising a course of study in a school or college. Facets A particular aspect or feature of something. Implementation the act of accomplishing some aim or executing some order C. Ideas I have learned about the article At first i thought that K to 12 program was a bad idea, because it prolongs the years of study of students like me and making it a little much of a burden to my parents because of the added budget for the tuition but when i read articles pertaining to K to 12 implementation such as the likes of this one I simply realize that it isnt such a bad thing after all. I mean 2 years of added time is just a little sacrifice of what can be a result of a better future plus when you know that there are countries, like Australia, that are willing to support us on this kinds of program makes us a little more confident with ourselves that we can be more of a competative player in the international playfield when it comes to education. D. Comments about the article The article was really informative. For me, reading this article changed my point of view on K to 12 program and it also boosted my morale when i read the line â€Å"Australia shares the Philippine government’s vision that K to 12, if implemented well, will bring the Philippines’ school system closer to international standards.† because it gave me a heads up of what can be my potential in the future. E. Resources Site link: http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/412557/center-to-give-research-support-for-k-to-12#ixzz2blPK2DsX

French And English Revolution :: essays research papers

Thousands of revolutions have taken place throughout the course of the history of the world. These revolutions have changed the politics, history, and all other facets of civilization of certain groups. Most revolutions follow a basic set formula of events: a leader is overthrown, radical and extremist groups take control for a period of time, and then the government is eventually restored to it’s original state. Both the English and French Revolutions followed this basic formula with various differences along the way. The English Revolution which took place in the seventeenth century, and the French Revolution, which took place in the late eighteenth century to early nineteenth century, both share many similarities and differences with one another.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One similarity of both revolutions was the causes: financial problems. Both King Charles I and Louis XVI were experiencing debt because of financial problems left behind from previous monarchs. Both kings placed the extreme tax burdens on the already poor peasants which further angered and oppressed them. Both kings had to summon on Parliament and the Estates General to raise revenue. Both monarchs attempted to use force to maintain their power but eventually lost to the liberal people who wanted a reformed government. The extremist period of both the English and French Revolutions consisted of a semi-dictator; Cromwell in England and Robespierre in France, who set up a totalitarian military state. Lastly, both the English and French had to carry out two attempts at establishing a constitutional monarchy in order to finally have a stable, lasting government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In both the English and French Revolutions the monarch was the establishment being revolted against. In the English revolution it was more of the Parliament rebelling against the monarchy whereas in the French Revolution the peasants were the strongest and most motivated factors for change. In both revolutions the legislative body issued some form of a declaration for basic human rights. In England, however, their Bill of Rights was issued at the end of the revolution, while France’s Declaration of the Rights of Man was issued at the beginning of the revolution. Religion was in issue at different times in both the English and French Revolutions. The English Revolution did not incorporate any large territorial expansion and there was barely any outside interference during the Revolutionary period.

James Baldwin: On What it’s Really Like Essay

In James Baldwin’s â€Å"A Stranger in the Village† and â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† our eyes are opened to the struggles of African Americans in the 1950’s. Baldwin writes about the struggles with identity, social acceptance, and racial discrimination. It is apparent that Baldwin has a very strong opinion behind the reasoning for these three struggles and he elaborates on each throughout these two stories. Through bringing these themes to life, he helps us to have a closer glimpse of what it was like to be like him. First and foremost, Baldwin’s writings deal with the overwhelming sense of identity, or the search for identity. In â€Å"A Stranger in the Village,† he states, â€Å"At the root of the American Negro problem is the necessity of the American white man to find a way of living with the Negro in order to be able to live with himself. † (pg. 1712) In this statement, Baldwin is commenting on the search for identity through the idea of what white people need to live with themselves. The black Americans can only find identity once the white man figures out how to live with them having one. He goes on to say, â€Å"†¦the white man’s motive was the protection of his identity; the black man was motivated by the need to establish an identity. † (pg. 1712) Because black Americans have had to endure so much struggle and decades of anonymity through the time fo slavery, at this point, they are starting from the ground up to find out who they are as a people and as a community. Even further, they must find out who they are as a people and as a community, and how that fits into the white society surrounding them. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† we read about more of a personal identity struggle, rather than a racial identity struggle as a pair of brother try to find out who they are and what the mean to each other. Sonny is a heroin addict who only feels complete when he is surrounded by music. His older brother, the narrator, a teacher, does not understand this, and constantly tries to get Sonny to figure out what it is he wants out of life. This is a common struggle between family members who live very opposite lives. As we watch the narrator struggle to help Sonny find his identity, he never really reveals his own, other than his identity being that of a caretaker for his brother. All along, even though he is seen as a complete mess with no direction, Sonny is the one who has a strong sense of identity. It isn’t until the end of the story, that the narrator can finally see his brother for who he really is. Sonny identifies with the music, and the lifestyle it exudes. He is comfortable in his own skin when he is surrounded by the music. â€Å"Sonny’s fingers filled the air with life. His life. † (pg. 1749) Secondly, Baldwin tackles the theme of social acceptance in both pieces. In â€Å"A Stranger in the Village,† Baldwin is living in Chartres, Switzerland, a small mountain town where he can be completely removed from the noise and chaos of Harlem or Paris, and he can just write. When he walks through the small town, he knows that he is the first and only black person most of these people have ever seen. However, he is greeted very differently that in America. As he walks down the street, â€Å"The children who shout ‘Neger! have no way of knowing the echoes this sound raises in me. † (pg. 1707) Such a word that comes with a supremely negative and threatening connotation in the U. S. is simply a word spoken by children who see a man different from themselves and are intrigued. Baldwin is seen as more of a side show act, or an exotic creature to the people of Chartres. They are fascinated by his difference from them, but do not seem to be threatened or disgusted. The biggest example of social acceptance from â€Å"A Stranger in the Village† would be the image of Baldwin playing with the local children on a nice day. To see a grown black man playing with small white children in the United States at this time would not be tolerated. In some parts of the country it would absolutely result in jail time, violence, or even death. In Chartres, the children play freely with Baldwin as their parents look on. It is both socially accepted and celebrated. It is amazing to see the difference in perspective through a difference of history. America’s past dictates its present. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† the biggest theme of social acceptance comes with Sonny’s chosen lifestyle and profession. As he struggles with a heroin addiction, he also struggles to make a life for himself through his music. There is a stigma placed on artists that they are lazy, irresponsible people who don’t want to go out and get a â€Å"real job. † This is definitely a stigma placed on Sonny by not only society, but his brother as well. â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† is a piece that teaches us to celebrate those who want to live creatively, and to recognize their importance in our society. Lastly, as with most of Baldwin’s pieces, we are forced to look at the theme of racial discrimination. In â€Å"A Stranger in the Village,† Baldwin speaks of rage. He says, â€Å"Rage can only with difficulty, and never entirely, be brought under the domination of the intelligence and is therefore not susceptible to any arguments whatever. † (pg. 1708) he says that the rage and resentment the black man has for the white man is something that can never completely go away, and that there are two ways to deal with it. â€Å"†¦either rob the white man of the jewel of his naivete, or else to make it cost him dear. † (pg. 1708) In Chartres, Baldwin is approached by children who want to see if the color on his skin will rub off. When they realize it doesn’t, they are fascinated by this person who is so different than them. At the very same time, in America, it is a well-known fact that the color of your skin will not rub off and that it will dictate every part of your life. In certain states it will tell you where you can eat, where you sit, who you can buy from, and where you can go to school. In â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† the suffering that the narrator finally sees his brother going through as a struggling musician and addict, can be mirrored to the suffering of black people in America. He reads of Sonny’s arrest in the subway where Baldwin writes â€Å"I stared at it (the article of Sonny’s arrest) in the swinging lights of the subway car, and in the faces and bodies of the people, and in my own face, trapped in the darkness which roared outside. † (1728) This can be read literally, as it is very dark outside a running subway car, but also metaphorically, seeing the â€Å"darkness which roared outside† as the darkness and suffering black people would face on a daily basis, struggling to get through life in a white dominated society. In conclusion, Baldwin writes about real life experiences as well as fictional experiences that come to the same conclusions. His writings hold a mirror up to the society in which he lived in and gave insight to the troubles, and also the triumphs of the human race. He exposed 1950’s America for what it really was, and showed us 1950’s Europe, which had a very different opinion on people such as himself. He gives us perspective on the life he lead and the lives led be those surrounding him, ultimately giving us a greater understanding of our own history, white or black.

Identifying Key Factors for New Product Success

Identifying key factors for new product success It is well known for us that new product development is always the key for companies’ success or even survival. And the new products don’t need to be the totally new products, companies can just make some improvements, improve customers’ experience, or exchange a new color, shape to bring to customers new satisfaction and benefit. Then customers will not be tired of something, and customers are always the focus of marketing.But new product development process is not a simple process. It is a very complex process needs many correlative departments such as marketing, designing, developing, and manufacturing departments work together. What’s more, a new product takes a high risk, because nobody can guarantee that this is going to be sold well. It is very important to follow a scientific development process, this can reduce the risk as much as we can. At the beginning, we need some ideas, some kinds of inspiratio n.When customers have some new needs or new technology is invented, there could be an opportunity for company’s new products. These ideas may also come from one of employees, competitor’s new product, or government’s new policy. In other word, the opportunity maybe in everywhere, whenever we think customers need something new, we can develop a new product. Second, the company needs to estimate and analyze those ideas, compare with them by each advantages or disadvantages. And then choose the most hopeful one from many ideas.Try to find a potential profitable project. And the way to pick it is building a model that can measure technology advantage, marketing attraction and earning power. A good opinion is a kind of right direction, can lead the following process. Third, since we got the idea, I think it’s time to set a market strategy before the deign part. We need to analyze the target market, see what are the size, structure and behavior, and what the le vel that customers need it, the frequency of Purchase.Describe who would be the potential customers, and then set the cost based on it, and the general price strategy, promotion strategy, marketing budget, and the possible product mix for the new product. Fourth part is design and testing part, the reason why I put them together is that I think after a fail testing, the prototype always need to be redesigned. And before the final product, there always be lots of testing and redesign job to do to transfer the idea to a real valuable product. It can also be called the key of the entire new product development process.Fifth, when the new product is ready, all tested by engineers and employees. It’s time to be introduced to market. However, sometimes we need to do the Test Marketing, this is a real final testing, and the testers are customers. In general, company would choose a small place, like a small town, and try to sell the new products to those customers, and analyze the fe edback. Then market department can adjust its market strategy based on the feedback. The test marketing always lasts several months, or can be one year.After the final test, the new product can be introduced to the whole market. This is a scientific way to develop a new product. But as I said before, nobody can guarantee that this is going to be successful, even if it did a great job in test market. But what reasons cause a fail product? I think one of those reasons is fail to estimate the true potential of the market, if exaggerating the market potential, in which can bring some very serious problems like over-investment, over-manufacture, and product backlog.Another reason to fail could be the wrong design. Design part is the key of the whole development process, because customer is the key of market. If the design of new product can not satisfy customers’ need, the product would be fail, no question about it. Company would lose market share. But if company set a wrong pric e level, higher than the value of product, or made to much high cost, the profit would go down. A product can’t create profit would be fail too. And some people may not notice that a good promotion helps the new product a lot.A good and impressed promotion process can really fly a product, on the other hand, a awful promotion process can be a disaster for a new product. In short, developing a new product is a required process for a company. A new product’s success in market may indicate corporation’s bright future. But new products mean high risk, we need to do everything to do to reduce the risk. Like following the scientific development process, try to get the key need of customers. And a very important one, company needs to have self-confidence for the new product.

Competitive Strategies Apple and Microsoft

Competitive Strategies Apple and Microsoft Introduction Apple Inc. was initially referred to as Apple Computer, Inc. It is a global corporation from America and engages in personal computers, computer software, and consumer electronics.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Competitive Strategies: Apple and Microsoft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Steve Jobs established the company in 1976. According to the Fortune Magazine, Apple was United States’ most admirable company in 2008. Beginning from 2008 to 2012, Apple was the world’s most admirable company. Microsoft deals with the sale of personal computers and software. Differences between Corporate Culture in Apple and Microsoft The key difference in the corporate culture practised at Microsoft and Apple is secrecy. Apple’s fans rely on the company’s rumour sites for speculations regarding the launch of novel products. Apple hardly displays its products before they are ready f or shipping. On the contrary, Microsoft provides sneak product previews long before the products are launched. This is partially as a result of the corporate culture at Microsoft. In addition, the company has a wide array of enterprise customers and vendors who require arranging software appraisal ideas. Apple invests in an exceptionally hardnosed corporate culture. This is a mystery that all global business executives desire to comprehend (O’Regan, 2012). The culture is founded on the concept that employees with a self- drive deliver more as opposed to cases where there are managers at every department. The organizational structure at the company was almost unpopular and purposed at allowing people working in the fields to make decisions. Apple is admired for its delightful but intricate technologies. However, it is worth noting that the company’s environment is termed as unforgiving and brutal. In regard to this, there is a strict adherence to accountability, swift d ecisions, and perfect articulation of communication. Every meeting is guided by an action list and every employee knows their supervisor. The weekly meetings aim at promoting a responsible culture.Advertising Looking for research paper on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The MSDN (Microsoft Developer Network) offers technical references that can be used by developers. In addition, articles from the company’s magazines are also available. Individuals and companies are offered subscriptions by the MSDN. Expensive subscriptions allow access to beta software versions (Lee Yu, 2004). In 2004, the company initiated a community site, which was meant for users and developers. The site was referred to as Channel9 and it offered an internet debate and wiki. The On10.net site offers daily video casts in addition to other services. Helpful individuals can be selected by the company’s employees or peers for the MVP (Microsoft Most Valuable Professional) status. People in this group possess a unique social status and can receive awards and benefits. At Microsoft, the phrase â€Å"eating our own dog food† refers to the policy of utilising beta versions and preleases when testing products in real circumstances. The company’s hiring process is exceptionally unique and imitated by other companies, which dub it as the â€Å"Microsoft interview.† The company is marked as notorious for denying the H1B visas that permitted US companies to recruit particular foreign workers (Jones, 2010). Microsoft argues that employing foreign workers at lower salaries will result to unemployment among the US citizens. Ways in which each unique culture ensures positive competition In the case of Apple, a culturally responsible workplace ensures that employees enjoy their roles. In addition, every employee knows who should address their issues. As such, employees possess an excepti onally high level of self- drive. Consequently, this increases every employee’s output. This is a factor that promotes positive competition. Employees at Apple value their company, offer diverse ideas on novel technologies and developments, and advise on how to curb competition. This ensures that the company produces unique products and uses unique marketing strategies, which enlarges the company’s market share (Flamholtz, 1995). On the other hand, Microsoft hugely invests in the opinions and ideas from funs, customers, and employees. As stated earlier, the company has several newsgroups and online debate sites where various individuals can offer their opinions. Through this, the company gains innovative ideas and a wide knowledge base. Consequently, the company uses this feedback to better their products.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Competitive Strategies: Apple and Microsoft specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How each company would thrive if the present corporate culture was changed At Apple, the employees are guided by the CEO’s authority. In this regard, it is worth noting that the two companies use different leadership styles. For instance, at Apple, the Head of Design can speak on behalf of the CEO. Design is an extremely vital priority at the company. On the contrary, Microsoft relies on negotiation. It is all about supporting individuals and companies who support their features. In my view, irrespective of the excellent negotiation skills at Microsoft, there is need for a style of leadership where the leader has the overall say. This ensures some form of control (Want, 2006). It is worth pointing out that Microsoft possesses exceptionally brilliant individuals and is extremely successful. Apple Company should retain their simplicity, specialization, and the culture of concentrating on a few accomplishments at a time. Apple should engage in restructuring strategies so as to be able to control its finances and operations, which will ensure its competitiveness. References Flamholtz, E. (1995). Managing organizational transitions: implications for corporate and human resource management. European Management Journal, 13(1), 39-51. Jones, G. R. (2010). Organizational theory, design, and change. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lee, S. K. J., Yu, K. (2004). Corporate culture and organizational performance. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 19(4), 340-359. O’Regan, G. (2012). Technology Companies. London: Springer.Advertising Looking for research paper on computer science? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Want, J. (2006). Corporate culture: Illuminating the black hole. New York: St. Martins Press.

Does globalisation benefit the third world or does it in fact make Essay

Does globalisation benefit the third world or does it in fact make them worse off and increase inequality - Essay Example It is this structural feature that is at the very core of explaining why individuals are worse off as a consequence of globalization. Finally, this analysis will provide empirical evidence reflecting the consequences of these structural and systemic inequalities. Consideration will be paid to living conditions and the exploitation of labour as evidence of greater inequality and a worse situation under globalization. INTRODUCTION: In the past decade, the process of globalization has become solidified as a central political agenda in the developed or Western world. That this phenomenon has lead to the â€Å"polarization† between the â€Å"rich† and â€Å"poor† is substantiated in countless studies [Rapley, 2003: 87; Murshed, 2002: 2; Beck, 2000: 57; McGrew and Poku, 2007: 7]. It will be argued in the following analysis, that there is greater inequality precisely because of the structural conditions that have created globalization. It will be argued that the neolibe ral agenda in theory, practice and influence are precisely what makes inequality an indisputable problem. Thus, inequality due to globalization is systemic in nature, and measured in impact by an increased degree of polarization between the rich and poor. It will be argued that globalization increases inequality. NEOLIBERAL BACKGROUND: Globalization is largely a post-war (1945 -) phenomenon. It describes the process whereby ‘trade’, ‘economies’ and ‘communication’ become more integrated on a world scale [Ohmae, 1991: 192]. Largely speaking, it has been facilitated by a marked increase in a variety of technologies, such as progress in the areas of transportation and telecommunications, and it has been also facilitated by relative political stability and a consensus of market capitalism. As a term, it was coined in the early 1950's but did not come into prominence in political literature until the late 1960's [Hopkins, Ed., 2004: 4ff]. One of the defining features of this process, is that it is largely market-driven, and as Moody [1998] argues, legitimated by the rise of neo-liberalism coinciding with the decline of Keynesian economic models [Moody, 1998: 119]. That is, and in brief, Keynesian economic theory, posited that the means of creating economic growth was to centrally control an economy to some extent, and this entailed establishing a social infrastructure which placed money directly into the hands of individuals within a society. The theory suggested that by increasing the amount a government spent in areas such as social programs, the greater the prospects that the benefactors would generate revenue for the economy in general or a â€Å"believe that money earned by the richest would trickle down to the poorest† [Boyle and Sims, 2009: 27]. By contrast, neo-liberalism maintained that by cutting social programs, and in turn, reducing government spending and therefore taxes, more wealth would be generated thro ugh the reinvestment of income which would have been paid in taxes: â€Å"this new policy approach was neoliberalism: a mixture of neoclassical economic fundamentalism, market regulation in place of state guidance, economic redistribution in favor of capital (known as ‘supply-side’

Environmental Change and its Protection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Environmental Change and its Protection - Essay Example There are organizations in most countries that operate on a non-profit basis for the betterment of various elements of the earth. Progress on this front, is however, often slow as funds are mostly limited. This paper shall look at how people can make a difference in their own homes and in school. These two areas are inter-linked and what one learns at school is essentially what one also seeks to implement at home and vice-versa. As children need to be trained regarding the protection of the environment, it is important that what is done in these two places and what can be done in these two places is analysed and changes proposed. In most homes, while children go to school, they are provided with lunches in brown bags. This is a potential area for change and the paper that is saved when one takes the number of bags that children all over the United States of America take to school into account. What, one may ask, is the alternative to sending such packaged meals? The answer lies in re usable containers that would not require more and more paper to be consumed. This would result in the reusing of certain elements and would also prevent the cutting down of trees that happen so as to create the paper bags that are used to package lunches. To make such activities more entertaining for the children, it may be useful to create reusable boxes that are more colorful and presentable. These boxes would also help prevent children from having to carry packaged fruit which can then be placed within the box. This is also a healthier option as far as dietary habits are concerned (Younes, 2012). In many schools, obsolete materials are allowed to lie around the premises. Disposal of this waste would be the first step towards creating a clean and environment-friendly society. This would require infrastructure that would enable a quick and efficient disposal of such material that would not be very costly for the person who disposes of it. Incentives may be offered to the school or society that seeks to dispose of its waste in such a manner. Such incentives would keep the schools and societies on the lookout for opportunities for funds from the government or agencies that may then channel the resource in a commercially viable manner. The materials that are collected can be recycled and they can be sold back into the community leading to more funds for an industry that could be dependent on saving the environment. Recycling is also at this point of time in history, in the United States of America, an aspect of the society that is funded and accepted by the state as an area of priority. This makes the use of the elements of the environment in a sustainable way easier for the common man as he or she is aware of the fact that they have a partner who is willing to share the load financially. The support that the government of America provides for the movement is financial and also moral. It is also bureaucratic in so much so that it enables a quick transition from the stage of idea to that of reality (Obama, 2010). For instance, the idea that has been discussed in this paper, that of the transition to reusable boxes that lunch can be carried in to school from paper bags can be quickened up through legislative intervention. For instance, the rates of paper bags can be increased while the taxes on reusable goods can be reduced. Apart from this, incentives can be offered to areas that record a large increase in the amount that they have