Tuesday, August 25, 2020

John Dewey Habits and Will

Would Dewey’s guidance for revising a negative behavior pattern work for you? How might you approach transforming one of your propensities? As per John Dewey, Habits are unavoidable. We are enabled by both great and negative behavior patterns. In his paper, â€Å"Habits and Will†, Dewey expresses that we imagine negative behavior patterns as such demonstrations of â€Å"foolish lingering, betting, dependence on alcohol and drugs†, and we partner great propensities with aptitudes, for example, strolling, playing an instrument, and composing. We consider awful to be as wants and great propensities as capacities that â€Å"exist a long way from our hasty desires†.Bad propensities are not intentionally framed and are likewise difficult to break. Dewey clarifies that resolve alone isn't sufficient; one must follow a particular strategy to turn propensities around. I feel that I, somebody who will in general get diverted effectively and hesitate, should profit b y Dewey’s propensity breaking technique. Dewey composes that a companion of his commented that there was a notion among people that accept that in the event that one is determined what to do, if the correct end is highlighted them, all that is required so as to achieve the correct demonstration is will or wish with respect to the person who is to act.According to them, if a man what slouches' identity is advised to stand upright, all that is required is an exertion by him, and the issue is fixed. Dewey’s fundamental contention in his paper is that this strategy doesn't work. Rather, he recommends that so as to fix or fix our unfortunate propensities we should supplant them with another propensity that is of goodness; you should have more than exclusively self discipline to resist a propensity. I imagine that I can profit by Dewey’s strategy and start another propensity to get out from under my propensity for procrastinating.Every day, I feel that I am effectivel y and regularly occupied while doing homework, which makes me dawdle. Consistently, I attempt to bring an end to this propensity and am fruitless. Sitting and thinking â€Å"don’t get distracted† doesn't work in light of the fact that in doing as such, I get diverted by contemplating not getting occupied, rather than really working. My concern isn't attempting to plunk down and take my schoolwork out. My concern is getting diverted every now and again and taking everlastingly to gain ground particularly when I realize I have the opportunity to spare.When time is running out, I will in general work considerably more productively. My unfortunate propensities of getting diverted and stalling check my great propensity for taking out my schoolwork at the earliest opportunity. I am very much aware of my propensities, and realize that I would feel less focused on the off chance that I could address them. Additionally, consistently, I need to tune in to my folks let me know co ntinually to rush up my work and get the chance to bed, when I clearly need to do only that, yet can't. On the off chance that I use Dewey’s strategy, I have to make a flank development that will frame a decent propensity which will help me in breaking my terrible habits.These flank developments that Dewey talks about are some activity that forestalls the negative behavior pattern and leads you toward something different. Rather than exclusively depending on self discipline alone, I could think about an approach to cause myself concentrate better and to feel a desire to complete my work as quickly as time permits. One thought I thought of is changing my condition, and as opposed to sitting at my work area to work, I can move elsewhere, less diverting, for example, the library. In the event that I work there, I will feel progressively hurried and obliged to work efficiently.I will set an objective to get a specific measure of work finished during my time at the library. I woul d prefer not to and can't go throughout the evening and night at the library, so and I will want to complete my work quickly, and I will function as though it was late around evening time. In â€Å"Habits and Will,† John Dewey says, â€Å"[A habit] causes us to do things we are embarrassed about, things which we disclose to ourselves we incline toward not to do. † He expounds on the way that we are our propensity. Dewey drives us to concede that our unfortunate propensity is a major piece of our self.He demands that a negative behavior pattern can’t be overwhelmed by will alone. We have to overlook the negative behavior pattern and locate a substitute action (a flank development) that can draw in us and that we can concentrate on. He rehashes that a negative behavior pattern can’t be overwhelmed by will alone, in spite of mainstream thinking, yet just by getting a flank development. So with the goal for me to nullify my dawdling, or if nothing else limit it, I have to discover a demonstration that is not the same as my standard everyday practice. I need to make the fruition of this new activity my new objective, and spotlight on coming to it.If I don't, I will keep on doing likewise again and again, similar to I have accomplished for quite a long time. All propensities are requests for particular sorts of movement; and they comprise oneself. Our â€Å"self† is the interpenetration of will and want and propensity and activity. Our selfhood isn’t what we think, yet what we do; the manner in which we act. we never plan to turn into a drunkard or dependent on cigarettes. These propensities originate from a shortcoming inside every one of us. We are too self†adored and too difficult to even think about facing realities which drives us to the reasons of by one way or another and underhanded force has conquered our certain abilities.Thirdly, he accepts that unfortunate propensities are made from our sentiment of an absen ce of direction and the wants that come soon after in endeavor for guaranteed arrangements. It would take an involvement with life that empowers something deliberate about us to really value the significance of freeing of the terrible. http://www. alexandercenter. com/jd/johndeweyhabits. html http://www. nashvillegreatbooks. com/2009/11/john-dewey-propensity and-will. html http://www. ljhammond. com/phlit/2005-11c. htm

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Pe Reflection

This semester has been incredible for me as far as close to home wellness. I have had the favorable luck of having rec center class and a nourishments class in a similar semester. In mix I can remain fit and settle on sound food decisions which are vital to being solid. I am certain when I recap on my semester in PPL20 I will recall things I have scholarly, paramount minutes, things that have truly influenced me as an individual, a few things that I didn't appreciate and things I will recollect in 5 years. There are a couple of things I have taken in this semester in this class.I feel like the most things I have taken in originated from wellbeing class as we didn't have an appropriate class to do units too inside and out. I took in a great deal about various medications and their various names, transient impacts, long haul impacts and legitimate status. We likewise found out about steroids and the various types of steroids. We likewise found out about many symptoms and various perils of steroids. I additionally found out about how to make progress without steroids. I likewise figured out how to play badminton significantly better by setting the birdy away from the rival on each hit and not hitting it in the middle.In the weight room I had the option to apply what I gained from a year ago and from outside of school to be productive in the weight room and finish bunches of sets in a timeframe. I felt entirely agreeable in many units that we considered. I think the greatest test for me was to play badminton since I am not so much good at that sport. Be that as it may, I felt like I truly improved a ton with the strategy and where to put the birdie. I truly delighted in playing ringette and hockey since I don't play them regularly however I believe I should.I felt generally agreeable in indoor games that we did in class, for example, b-ball, indoor soccer, and volleyball. I figure I did well in those units in light of the fact that those were the games I was genera lly acquainted with so it was anything but difficult to change in accordance with. I wish we could have gone more top to bottom in the rugby unit since I truly would like to improve in the game. I had some trouble in rounds of low association since they would be generally sports or exercises I have never played or known about so it would make it harder to change in accordance with the play style of the game. There were a couple of significant minutes all through this semester in exercise center class.One noteworthy second is the point at which we had a great deal of worldwide understudies in our rec center class and one of the Iraqi understudies blew up at Walter and said â€Å"You nothing more than a bad memory. † which is interesting in light of the fact that didn’t know English well at that point. Other than that I don't think there were some other vital minutes during this semester in exercise center class. I think I have taken in certain things in this class have influenced me as an individual. In particular something that truly influenced me as an individual is that it isn't the amount you lift, it’s how you lift it is a significant one since it will help me bounty when I am working out.Another significant thing that has influenced me is finding out about what to do when working out. What I mean by that is to begin with the greater muscles and multi-joints first. It will spare me bunches of time on squandered exercises that don't work my body to their maximum capacity. Something else that has influenced me as an individual is understanding the genuine meaning of character. Character is people specialty when nobody is watching, implies that you shouldn’t act like one individual when individuals around and afterward act like a totally unique individual when nobody is viewing. There were something’s that I didn't appreciate while taking an interest in this class.One thing for sure was ball. I didn't appreciate it in light of the fact that there was an enormous expertise hole in bulldoze so the great players were essentially the main players that could contact the ball. I didn't appreciate a considerable lot of the rounds of low association as I would very much want to play sports I know about yet some of the time a portion of the games were enjoyable. Now and again I didn’t like badminton since it felt like we were playing it a great deal during that month. There are a couple of things that I feel that I will recall in 5 years. Everything originates from the wellbeing unit we did toward the end. I will recall all the threats of drugs.What I learned will assist me with settling on better choices later on. What we found out about steroids will likewise stay with me for some time. The perils of steroids exceed the advantages by a great deal and it does not merit taking when you can be a characteristic competitor. All in all this semester has been incredible as I expressed in my presentation. It h as helped me improved as an individual and a superior competitor. I will have the option to utilize what I have realized this semester in class to help me in next year’s exercise center class on the off chance that I choose to take it and even to apply what I have figured out how to use from everyday.

Monday, July 27, 2020

Childhood Protection And Welfare In Australia Example

Childhood Protection And Welfare In Australia Example Childhood Protection And Welfare In Australia â€" Essay Example > AbstractAs the world continues to change and grow with each passing day, children’s interests continue to be given increasing priority. This is because over the years, people have realized how important it is to give a strong background to children’s lives from a very early age because they are seen as the future of the nation. IntroductionThe term childhood protection and welfare encompasses a number of services that are provided for children. This include care centers for children, kindergartens, baby sitting services, emergency child care services, early learning programs and many others. This paper focuses on the child care program in Australia. It highlights the history of child care, how it has grown over the years, the current influences of this service on the community and the country as a whole and the challenges faced in terms of providing quality services for children. Child care services were established help parents and guardians to care for their children as they go about their daily activities (Hertzman 56). Children are left with care givers as their parents work to provide for their families and help the national economy grow. In addition, care givers equip children with skills and values that help them grow up to be responsible members of the society. France was the first country to come up with day care services. This was in the mid 18th century. The United States quickly followed suit a few years later. This was during the era of the industrial revolution when industrializing countries required all the manpower they could get to meet their targets (Folbre 211). Therefore, both men and women were required to work. As the parents worked, someone had to be left to care for their children. In the U. S, child care services were initially provided by charitable organizations as parents went to work in factories Influence from France and the U. S spread far and wide with other nations like Britain Germany and Australia adopting the new ser vice soon after (Folbre 213). The establishment of day care in Australia was due to a number of reasons. These included social, cultural and economic factors that influenced the growth of this service. Before the industrial revolution in the 18th century and the beginning of globalization in the 20th century, Australians lived simple lives in closely knit family units. The whole family worked mainly on farms and child care was the responsibility of the mother. As time went by, this changed. People turned away from farming and opted for jobs in cities (Folbre 217). As the economy of the nation changed, social life also began to change. Establishment of quality education for girls helped them to realize their potential and this elevated the place of women in society (Mouzos and Makkai 311). Laws passed by parliament advocated for gender equality and equal rights for all. Women realized that they could pursue their interests as men did instead of being the full time care givers (Mouz os and Makkai 345) People began to take a greater interest in recreational activities and self improvement. Focus was slowly shifted away from the family unit. Parents then began to look for a way to manage their jobs and social lives as well as to provide care for their children. These factors influenced the growth of child care. Child care initially started in the cities and then spread to smaller towns as people began to look for employment aside from working on their farms (Folbre 277). At first, child care was left to mothers who had no jobs, older siblings and relatives like grandmothers and aunts. They would care for the children until the parents returned from work. This arrangement was not of great benefit to the children themselves because not much constructive work was done and there was not much that they could learn from these caregivers since they were untrained. As parents began to realize the importance of quality education and care from a tender age, the need for child registered daycare services grew (Hertzman 108). These services now give parents and guardians the option of leaving their children in the able hands of a qualified care giver as they work. Moreover, the services include programs that provide education for children of different ages and instill positive qualities and values in them (Hertzman 112).

Friday, May 22, 2020

A Critical Study of William Faulkner by Irving Howe

As one of the most important figures in 20th-century American literature,  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹William Faulkners works include The Sound and the Fury (1929), As I Lay Dying (1930), and Absalom, Absalom (1936). Taking into consideration Faulkners greatest works and thematic development, Irving Howe writes, The scheme of my book is simple. He wanted to explore the social and moral themes in Faulkners books, and then he provides an analysis of Faulkners important works. Search for Meaning: Moral and Social Themes Faulkners writings often deal with the search for meaning, racism, the connection between past and present, and with social and moral burdens. Much of his writing was drawn from the history of the South and of his family. He was born and raised in Mississippi, so the stories of the South were ingrained into him, and he used this material in his greatest novels. Unlike earlier American writers, like  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Melville and  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Whitman, Faulkner wasnt writing about an established American myth. He was writing about the decayed fragments of myth, with the Civil War, slavery and so many other events hanging in the background. Irving explains that this dramatically different backdrop is one reason his language is so often tortured, forced and even incoherent. Faulkner was searching for a way to make sense of it all. Failure: A Unique Contribution Faulkners first two books were failures, but then he created The Sound and the Fury, a work for which he would become famous. Howe writes, the extraordinary growth of the books to come will arise from his discovery of his native insight: the Southern memory, the Southern myth, the Southern reality. Faulkner was, after all, unique. There has been no other quite like him. He seemed to see the world in a new way forever, as Howe points out. Never satisfied with the familiar and well-worn, Howe writes that Faulkner did something that no other writer except James Joyce has been able to do when he exploited the stream-of-consciousness technique. But, Faulkners approach to literature was tragic, as he explored the cost and heavy the weight of human existence. Sacrifice may be the key to salvation for those who stand ready to bear the cost and suffer the weight. Perhaps, it was only that Faulkner was able to see true cost.

Saturday, May 9, 2020

To What Extent Was Responsible For The Outbreak Of The...

After the First World War (1914-1919), the world was faced with the questions - who was responsible and what was reason for the outbreak of the war. Ultimately it was agreed on the 28 June 1919 that â€Å"the Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage† from the First World War. However, there have been many other interpretations on whom and what was responsible for the war. On the one hand, some historians would agree with David Lloyd George’s notion of all â€Å"the nations slithered over the brink into the boiling cauldron of war†, however, on the contrary, others would agree with Fischer in arguing that Germany’s aggressive foreign policy was responsible for the First World War. Whether you agree with Lloyd George or Fischer, it is important to understand some of the other possible reasons for the outbreak of the First World War – including the gro wth of nationalism and imperialism, the alliances within Europe and the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Although this essay will argue that Germany’s aggressive foreign policy was responsible for the outbreak of the First World War, it will also illustrate why other historians have argued against that notion. War was inevitable, great powers are to blame Many historians have debated on whether or not the outbreak of the First World War could have been prevented and whether it is justifiable to blame one nation for the war.Show MoreRelatedTo What Extent Was Germany Responsible for the Outbreak of Ww1?1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo what extent was Germany responsible for the outbreak of WWI? There is much debate about the degree of responsibility that should be given to Germany for the outbreak of war. 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On the other hand, being in the middle of several great powers, it is fair to suggest that Germany was merely protecting itselfRead MoreThe Development of the Cold War in Europe after 1945 Essays1503 Words   |  7 PagesThe Development of the Cold War in Europe after 1945 After World War Two, there was an increasing interest in the idea of a United Europe. Soviet Russia and Western European Capitalist states had no common interests despite the wartime alliance, which was no longer valid. There was growing hostility between the United States and Soviet Russia that developed in to a Cold War. This essay will suggest that the development of the Cold War in Europe was a result of differencesRead MoreThe Causes of the First World War1166 Words   |  5 Pageshas formed part of the historiography of the causes of the First World War, a historical debate that has endured ever since the conflict ended. 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Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Bio Lab Report Crime Scene Free Essays

On Saturday morning of the 24th of October, there was report by an employee of a homicide incident on 4011 N. Central Eave, Phoenix, AZ. University Center building on the 3rd floor of Arizona State University. We will write a custom essay sample on Bio Lab Report Crime Scene or any similar topic only for you Order Now The victim was describe as a 24 year old Caucasian female, by the name of Kelly; who works as a programs coordinator for Arizona State University. The victim was working late hours as usual on a Friday night, she was on her office cubical. The body was found laying on the floor in front of her desk chair, the body was facing up with three bullet wounds on her body; the action of the shots were one in right shoulder, right hip, and middle of the stomach. Observations found in the crime scene were the chair was knocked over, the victim was facing up instead of facing down. There were bullet holes in the wallboard as well as the cabinetry and biological stains of the victim. Information gathered about the victim she appeared to be talking to her mother while the incident happen, and it was not unusual seen her work late at night. Also, there was some information about five suspects that might have been involve in the homicide. Licensee Scale S. Microbiology Professor, at the time of the murder he stated he was looking for money from students so he could buy another pint of beer, and was wearing blue t-shirt and jeans. Daffy Patrick D. Microbiology Lecturer, at the time of the murder he stated he was drinking at Hooters and was hearing a blue button down shirt and black pants. Olson John P. Biology Professor, at the time of the murder he stated he was at an all night Chinese buffet, and was wearing blue flannel shirt and Jeans. Hutchins Jason O. Chemistry Lecturer, at the time of the murder he was teaching Chemistry 101 lab, and was wearing a blue polo shirt and Jeans. Waffle Debra A. Lab Technician, at the time of the crime scene she stated she was preparing for Microbiology 206 lab, and she was wearing blue lab coat and khaki pants. The homicide case is under investigation, once there has been examine the pieces of hair, fabric, and blood samples from the suspects, it will be determine who was the murder of the victim. Methods and Materials The investigation began by first collecting evidence from the crime scene and suspects. This includes fingerprints, hair and fiber samples, along with blood samples. Along with these, a bullet was found at the crime scene, which was added to the list of evidence. Fingerprint Testing To collect the fingerprints from both the suspects and the crime scene, the print lifting technique was used. This method included using a fingerprint wand and powder to dust the fingerprints on the object, and then putting adhesive tape over the latent prints to â€Å"lift† the fingerprints’ image. The adhesive and fingerprint were then transferred to a backing card to be examined. To analyze the prints, a magnifying glass was used to determine if the prints pattern was an arch, loop or whorl. The fingerprints examined are a type of biological evidence. Fingerprints Suspect Arch Loop Whorl Daffy x Hutchins Licensee Olsen Waffle We then compared these fingerprint patterns with the fingerprint collected at the crime scene, which was a loop. Metallurgy Next, the bullet found at the crime scene was tested using metallurgy. The bullet was a type of physical evidence. To determine what type of metal the bullet was made of, the densities of the three standard metals in the tool kit had to be determined. To measure the metal’s mass, an electronic scale was used while a water displacement was used to measure the volume. From these measurements, the density was calculated (D=MN). The mass, volume and density of the metals in the kit were lactated as follows: ; Aluminum o Mass = 8. 27 g Volume = 4 ml = 2. 07 vim Density = MN Copper Mass = 57. 1 g Volume = 7 ml Density = MN = 8. 16 g/ml o Mass = 37. 95 g o Volume = 4 ml o Density = 9. 49 g/ml As stated before, to find the volume for all the measurements, water displacement was used. By this, the change in the water level (measured in ml) in the graduated cylinder was measured before and after each metal was added to determine its volume. For the bullet, it was determined that: o Mass = 12. 9 g o Volume = 2 ml o Density = 6. 45 g/ml Because the bullet was silver, it was determined that it was not made of copper and u to the fact that density wasn’t similar to aluminum, it is likely that the bullet was made of steel and maybe another metal. Fiber and Hair Testing The next pieces of evidence that were analyzed were hair and fiber. The hair samples are a type of biological evidence while the fibers are a type of physical evidence. For these samples, microscopy was used, which allowed the researchers to examine and identify the fine features of each. The tables below include the collected data. Hair Color Features Brown Short, smooth Blonde Short, split Black Short, wiry Evidence Fiber Texture Blue Woven, denim-like Pink Tight, cylinder-like Tulle Wispy, feather-like Tulle and wispy/feather By comparing the evidence found at the crime scene to the samples collected from the suspect, it narrowed the possible suspects down to Olsen and Waffle since both of their fibers were found at the crime scene. Blood Testing The last task was to examine the blood samples collected from the suspects to the blood found at the crime scene. The blood samples were a type of biological evidence, but chemical reactions were used to determine the blood type. â€Å"Anti-A Serum,† â€Å"Anti-B Serum† and an â€Å"Anti-Re Serum† were used to test what type of blood he samples were and if they had an Re D antigen. Three drops of each suspect’s blood, along with the blood collected at the crime scene, were placed into three different wells of a clean blood typing plate. Three drops of each serum were added to the three different wells and then stirred until they either reacted or remained inactive to the serum. A way to tell if the blood reacts to the serum is if it results in agglutination, or clumping. The results are listed in the table below. Suspect Reagent ABA-Re Blood Type Anti-A Serum Anti-B Serum Anti-Re Serum A+ Because some of the blood tests didn’t react with the serum, the researchers had to SE the blood type information provided in the suspect’s profile and then determine how the blood would have reacted if the tests worked properly. Analysis: Fingerprint Testing: After analyzing the data from the crime scene and the suspect sheets provided some educated assumptions can be made as to the possible perpetrator. The prints found at the scene of the crime had a loop configuration. Considering Licensee has an arch configuration, and Hutchins has a whorl configuration, they were ruled out as potential suspects. The suspects who possessed prints similar to those found at the scene were as follows: Daffy, Olsen, and Waffle. How to cite Bio Lab Report Crime Scene, Papers

Tuesday, April 28, 2020

Reemy Reem Anth. 307 Essays - Navajo, Pawnee People, Choctaw

Reemy Reem Anth. 307 The Roots of Dependency 1. The Navajos, Pawnees, and Choctaws all had to endure European, political, economical, and environmental threats to their own culture. When the life and subsistence system (hunting and gathering) of an Indian Nation is affected; in one way or another it has an affect on an Indian population as a hole. The trials and tribulations that these three tribal nations have experienced is proof of that. Gradually the Indian community would go through a period of destruction and enormous amounts of prejudice that consequently would be the North American Indian's downfall. The reliability of the Navajos to the government to maintain their everyday Navajo culture was prevalent due to the despicable attitudes and influence of Europeans. "By 1945 the government had transformed the Navajo economy.....They were no longer self-supporting people (White, 310)." Navajo dependency would point the finger at the reduction of resources as the cause of the problem. Resources such as the issuing of grazing permits, stockowners being forced below subsistence, and one-half of the Navajos corn crop were just a few of the reductions the government demanded. Fortunately Navajos rejected commercial economical values during the early 1900s, which prolonged their independence. Once the government gave the Navajos the power to "revise the existing regulations" to meet their objections, "it (government) retained the right to veto any objectionable provisions the Navajos might insert in the regulations (White, 309-310)." Once this occurred non-Indians could hold on to adequate resources. The Navajo population was doubling and the resources were dwindling just as fast. The loss of subsistence land would be the biggest change of the North American Indians. Take for example the Choctaws. European diseases, the slave trade, and racially motivated influences forced the Choctaws westward, leaving behind them a reformed land of "impoverishment." They regulated land and what was on the land. They fought European disease and avoided a social collapse of the Choctaw, until the market became an issue. Anything from knives and guns to agriculture was considered the market. Trade and market meant for the Choctaws to be dependent on anyone but themselves. Land sales were forced. The Choctaws land and labor gradually took the back seat. The Choctaws were never defeated; "instead, through the market the Choctaws were made dependent and dispossessed (White, 146)." The Pawnee independency was much more subsistent than the Choctaws and Navajos. "The increasing poverty of the Pawnees as their subsistence base failed and made them dependant on American annuities (White, 209)." The Pawnees original dependence on goods that are redistributed within the society now was dependent on American goods outside their community. How did the Pawnee get to this point? Disease, subsistence failure, and cultural breakdown were the major factors. The death rates of the Pawnee were so preposterous in such a short amount of time that disease couldn't be the only factor. The biggest factor other than disease was simply the "will to live (White, 205)." The Pawnees like the Choctaws fought the slave trade and refused American ways. Ways such as the depending on crops raised by the Pawnee. The Pawnee disagreed. Since agriculture the Pawnee tended to become more and more unreliable than what would be a healthy lifestyle. Their eating habits became malnourished; therefor e when disease did come there was no chance for the Pawnee Indian to fight it, much less survive. "Deprived of hunting lands, sporadically horseless, often hungry, the Pawnee were literally fighting for the lives (White, 207)." Pawnee population never recovers from the "disastrous mix" of American ways and politics. All three tribal nations, the Choctaw, Pawnee, and Navajo share the unique religious aspect of having symbolic cultures. All these Indians shaped their environments. Once the white man came and made contact with each and every tribal nation, nothing would stop the depletion of game, the growth of the market, and chaos in the government towards Indian Nations. Towards the end Richard White discusses a very good point about decision-making. The Choctaw, Pawnee and Navajo all made decisions in altering traditional economic and cultural ways clearly caused by those actions of whites. Indians needed a way to reform from these costly decisions influenced by whites. One way for reform was modernization. Being able to